3 posts tagged “value systems”
Today we are going to finish our series by putting this knowledge into action for us. There are 2 active and 1 passive ways to implement values during the course of your effective communication.
Passively:
1. Surveillance - You can simply keep an eye and ear out for values based content in someone’s speech. If you are talking to someone and they continue to talk about all of their wild adventures… It is safe to say that they value stimulation. Also, based on the Basic Human Values theory it is safe to say that they probably also value hedonistic and self-directed circumstances as well. You can also bet that this individual is probably not very interested in talking about conformity or security.
Actively:
1. Elicitation of Values – You can use specific questioning strategies to elicit someone’s values during the course of a communication for the purpose of using that information later in the conversation. There are two separate levels at which you can elicit values. As I mentioned previously, an individual’s psyche is made up of four major “systems”. These systems are the core evolutionary drives (most abstract, held subconsciously and relatively unchangeable), the value systems, the belief systems that surround each value system and explicit goals (least abstract, consciously/logically held, most specific and easiest to change). In light of the fact that values are the “connective tissue” that between a person’s core evolutionary drives and their explicit goals value systems can range from very abstract and subconsciously held to very specific and consciously held. So this creates two separate “levels” of elicitation and the questioning to draw out each is directed toward two separate kinesthetic classifications:
a. Action/movement – Questions that elicit what someone HAS ACTUALLY DONE in life as a whole and in certain contexts/scenarios will elicit deep rooted, subconsciously held values. By discovering what people do specifically and making an accurate interpretation of this you will have a clear view into their most abstract value systems.
b. Somatic feeling – Questions that elicit someone’s “feelings about…” will elicit their less abstract and more specific, consciously held value systems. When you begin to talk about someone’s “feelings”, you will in effect be eliciting their EVALUATION of a certain feeling that has arisen inside of them. These evaluations are generally much more critically driven and are in effect a form of rationalization geared toward “making sense” of the somatic sensation. This rationalizing and critical thinking will come from the prefrontal cortex which is in charge of rational thought and as such provides more surface level, consciously held information.
If you had to choose one or another, the deeply held, more abstract values are much more powerful in persuasion and understanding what is really going on inside of someone’s head. If you understand these values about someone, chances are that you know more about them than they themselves do. In effective persuasion it is most effective to have elicited and understood both side of the coin. Although the subconsciously held values are more powerful, the consciously held values can cause conflict if they are offended in some way and this can make the difference between success and failure.
2. Priming/activation – You can effectively activate certain value systems during the course of a communication. This can be very powerful when you are attempting to direct HOW someone is evaluating your communication. In other words, you can help direct what criteria someone will use to evaluate the efficacy or worth of the content/subject matter you are presenting. Although an individual will hierarchically categorize values, they will indeed still possess ALL of the value systems in their psyche. This means that even though someone most highly values Hedonistic pleasure over all else, there is still a part of them that values the necessity of conformity in order to stay safe so that they can continue to pursue hedonistic pleasure. Because of this you can “steer” which value system is being used as their lens at a given time. This is done through priming… There are two methods that are effective for priming:
a. Hypnotic/metaphorical language – By creating vivid and “life like” scenarios in someone’s mind you can activate particular value systems. For instance, if you create a vivid visual of a robbery that took place and how it affected the lives of an entire family due to the brutality of it, you WILL activate someone’s security value system.
b. Questioning – A quick run through our questioning post will help immensely with this… You can use specific questioning strategies to draw specific value based content from someone’s own mouth in order to activate certain values. For instance, asking someone how they think YOU should best spend your vacation if you are looking to have an exciting one WILL activate stimulation and hedonistic values in someone.
It is important to understand that your values are NOT digital… they are analog, they are on a continuum and can NOT be turned on and off like a light switch. You can influence them, but you can’t CONTROL them. If you learn and practice the above information though, you will be well on your way to becoming a communication expert yourself.
As always, to learn more about values and how they can help provide effective communication, please visit my site The Communication Expert.
The Communication
Expert | David J. Parnell
The Communication Expert Blog
Ok, from the preceding post’s you are crystal clear on what values are and how to classify them. So no let’s talk a bit about what they do and how you can use them. Values have 3 major functions or roles that they play in the course of a person’s life:
1. Motivators – induce valences or the linking of actions that a person will take in response to situations or scenarios. In other words they are a major factor in determining what someone will do in a given scenario… Fight, flight, talk, sit, plan, etc… Values will play a major role in determining this.
2. Attentional, perceptual and interpretational filters – Values can be considered chronically activated goals. High priority values are continually and readily accessible and are put into play in most situations. As a result, they are a strong determinant as to what information is processed, at what “angles” the information is viewed from (perceptual filters) and what the information means to the person evaluating it.
3. Future planning filters – Due to the overwhelming strength of values and their influence on life direction they are a huge determinant of what actions will be planned in the future and how they are planned.
I won’t go into the specific studies that ground this work, but if you are just dying for more information you can seek out the work of Norman Feather, Milton Rokeach, Bas Verplanken, Rob Holland and Peter Gollwitzer. Much of their work empirically grounds the information above in conjunction with Shalom Schwartz’s work.
Something that is important to know about values though is that they only have affective influence on behavior when they are activated. Activation is generally situational and if a situation does occur that necessitates the use of values as a filter, the more readily accessible a value is to the working memory of an individual the stronger it’s chances of activation.
Values don’t necessarily need conscious thought in order to affect behavior. On the contrary they rarely are given any conscious thought… They simply “occur” in the subconscious mind and the result “happens”. The result can be anything from a directionally particular communication to a directionally particular action to complete inaction.
As a result of this, events such as a promotion or an accident will employ and retard the usage of different value systems. Also, in light of the fact that accessibility of a value greatly affects the activation of a value priming can play a major role in what values are being employed at a given moment. Priming can happen from something as slight as reading value-based terms in an article or even an epitaph for that matter…
This brings us to the meat that you have all been waiting for… that is “how are values valuable to the effective communicator?” I realize that there seems to be quite a bit of information here and there also seems to be some contingencies involved as well. Not to fret though, this can all be summed up into two very simply yet powerful concepts that can be used when communicating with someone.
1. Predictability - Values are an extremely permanent and predictable entity in a person’s psyche. Can they be changed? Of course… Are they easy to change? No. So what this means is that by eliciting someone’s values you have a very accurate filtering system and map by which to direct both the type of content you will use in your communication and the frames in which it will be presented.
2. Priming - Values can be activated through priming. This means that you have some control over which values will run in someone’s subconscious so that you may better persuade and influence their behavior during the course of a communication.
So as you can see values can be very readily used in effective communication if you know how… Tomorrow we will finish our miniseries on values by determining how to elicit surface and core values along with showing you how to prime someone in order to facilitate particular value usage.
As always, to learn more about values and how they can help provide effective communication, please visit my site The Communication Expert.
The Communication
Expert | David J. Parnell
The Communication Expert Blog
In the recent past values were considered one of the key ingredients to a successful attempt at persuasion. If you knew and understood what someone’s values were, you could simply package your communication around them and presto… you had their button pushed.
It would be great if that were so, but unfortunately (or maybe fortunately depending on how you look at it) the human brain is not so simple. The reality of the matter is that it takes quite a bit more to successfully persuade someone. That being said, values are an important, powerful and integral part to being able to understand and communicate effectively with someone. As a matter of course, a professional communicator necessarily needs to thoroughly understand human values to be effective.
So what are values exactly? If you do some searching on the web you will find a plethora of definitions… mix those in with your own notions of what values are specifically and you have smorgasbord of terms. So in order to effectively move forward let’s first define “values”.
· Values are a type of belief that are tied inextricably to emotions. Whereas standard beliefs are objective and hard informational concepts that dictate action and operation. Values are an emotional belief that dictates direction or course of action.
· Values are not dictated by a specific action or scenario. They operate at a much higher level of abstraction and transcend boundaries. This separates them from norms and attitudes which are action, object or situational specific.
· Values are hierarchical in their importance relationally with each other and serve as standards or criteria for directional selection.
So to sum all of this up, values are emotion based beliefs that act as standards to govern and dictate the DIRECTIONAL “mode of operation” in a person’s life.
Relationally, within a person’s psychological make- up, values provide the person with life-direction FROM their core drives (the 16 evolutionary drives) and are surrounded by operational beliefs to dictate specific actions to be taken for the purpose of moving the individual further in the direction that the values are pushing toward.
Allow me to give you an example. Let’s say we are evaluating the evolutionary drive of “power/achievement”. A value that springs from that may be knowledge as acquiring knowledge will facilitate the accomplishment or exacting of power/achievement. Beliefs that surround the value of “knowledge” and act as operational guides may be studying, reading, practicing, researching, etc…
Based on research conducted by Shalom Schwartz that spans 67 nations and 35,000 respondents there are 10 foundational value systems that are characterized by their central motivational goal. All values will fall into one of the ten systems. The systems are:
1. Self-Direction – This includes values such as Independent thought and action, ability to choose, ability to create, ability to explore, etc...
2. Stimulation – This includes excitement, novelty, challenge, etc...
3. Hedonism – This is pleasure and sensuous gratification and includes physical appearance, wealth, eating, etc…
4. Achievement – This is personal success through demonstrating competence according to
social standards. This includes practice, skill, ability, etc…
5. Power – This is control or dominance over people and resources. This includes strength, knowledge, prestige, etc…
6. Security – This includes safety, harmony, and stability of society, of relationships, and of self.
7. Conformity – This is the restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm
others and violate social expectations or norms. This includes mental focus, sacrifice, drive, etc…
8. Tradition – This is respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that
traditional culture or religion provide the self. This includes tradition, respect, humility, etc…
9. Benevolence – This is preserving and enhancing the welfare of those with whom one is in
frequent personal contact. This includes compassion, generosity, helpfulness, etc…
10. Universalism – This is the understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare
of all people and for nature. This includes conservationism, education, kindness, etc…
Tomorrow we will talk about the Values Theory and how each of these values systems interacts with each other to develop a predictable personality in someone.
As always, to learn more about values and how they can help provide effective communication, please visit my site The Communication Expert.
The Communication Expert | David J.
Parnell
The Communication Expert Blog
